Finding
Joby builds its own motors, inverters, packs and autonomy, with Toyota and Toray as partners and an undisclosed cell maker
The ring holds 15 supplier rows across 10 layers: seven in-house, one sole source, zero China-supplied and two with the supplier not disclosed.
The ring is US-centered and mostly vertically integrated: motors, inverters, packs, autonomy (Xwing) and chargers are Joby's own, built in San Carlos, Marina and Dayton. Two named partners carry it, both Japanese: Toyota (powertrain and actuation parts, a manufacturing alliance and investment) and Toray (carbon fiber prepreg, made in Morgan Hill, California). Garmin (G3000 flight deck) and NVIDIA (IGX Thor) are the US single sources. The battery cell maker has never been disclosed and is the largest unknown in the ring.
The ring
Who supplies each layer
In-house rows first in each layer, then sole, primary, second and multi-source suppliers. The left border shows the supplier country: red China, gold Japan, Korea or Taiwan, blue the US and Europe, gray not disclosed. Confidence: confirmed (company or filing), reported (credible press), inferred (deduced, not disclosed).
| Supplier | Component | Country | Plant or location | Relationship | Confidence | Evidence and links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cells | ||||||
| not disclosed | NMC pouch cells Cell maker never named; likely Asian high-energy pouch supplier - single biggest unknown | reported | inferred | company release eVTOL Directory | ||
| Pack and BMS | ||||||
| Joby | Battery packs and BMS Packs built in-house | US | San Carlos, California, US | in-house | confirmed | company release eVTOL Directory |
| Motor and drive | ||||||
| Joby | Six electric propulsion units (motor plus inverter) Joby designs; San Carlos builds powertrain and electronics | US | San Carlos, California, US | in-house | confirmed | company release eVTOL Directory |
| Toyota | Powertrain and actuation components (Joby design) Long-term supply agreement Apr 2023; parts ship to San Carlos | Japan | Japan | primary | confirmed | company release eVTOL Directory |
| Magnets and rare earths | ||||||
| not disclosed | Motor magnets Not disclosed; high-performance NdFeB grades point to Chinese or Japanese supply | reported | inferred | press report Magnet Manufacturing for Motors | ||
| Power electronics and SiC | ||||||
| Joby | Motor inverters and power electronics In-house power electronics manufacturing; semiconductor vendor not disclosed | US | San Carlos, California, US | in-house | reported | press report eVTOL Directory |
| Compute and AI chips | ||||||
| Garmin | Integrated flight deck: G3000 Selected Feb 2021 | US | Olathe, Kansas, US | sole source | confirmed | company release eVTOL Directory |
| NVIDIA (TSMC foundry) Parent: NVIDIA | Autonomy compute: IGX Thor Launch partner Oct 2025 for Superpilot | US; Taiwan | Taiwan (foundry) | primary | confirmed | company release Vehicle ADAS Hardware |
| Software and autonomy | ||||||
| Joby (Xwing) Parent: Joby | Superpilot autonomy stack Xwing acquired 2024 | US | San Francisco, California, US | in-house | confirmed | company release eVTOL Directory |
| Structure and body | ||||||
| Toray Advanced Composites Parent: Toray | Carbon fiber prepreg (toughened epoxy) Long-term agreement Dec 2020 | Japan | Morgan Hill, California, US | primary | confirmed | company release eVTOL Directory |
| Coriolis Composites | Automated fiber placement machines Equipment, not a flight part | France | France | primary | confirmed | press report eVTOL Directory |
| Charging interface | ||||||
| Joby | GEACS aircraft chargers (CCS-based) Joby-designed open charging spec; charger manufacturer not disclosed | US | US | in-house | confirmed | company release eVTOL Directory |
| Final assembly | ||||||
| Joby | Pilot production line Two aircraft a month; four a month targeted 2027 | US | Marina, California, US | in-house | confirmed | company release eVTOL Directory |
| Joby | Scaled plant (propeller blades since Oct 2025) Designed for up to 500 aircraft a year | US | Dayton, Ohio, US | in-house | confirmed | company release eVTOL Directory |
| Toyota | Manufacturing alliance and investment First $250M tranche closed May 2025; alliance terms pending | Japan | Japan / US | primary | confirmed | company release eVTOL Directory |
Sources
Sources and scope
- Scope
- Joby S4 supplier ring
- Sources
- ElectronsX flagship machine ring dataset: teardowns, company releases and filings, supplier disclosures and trade press; one source per row
- Updated
- 2026-10