Finding
Mining is concentrated by geology, but ownership and refining concentrate it again in China
A typical NMC-battery EV holds roughly 9 kg of lithium, 40 kg of nickel, 13 kg of cobalt, 25 kg of manganese, 66 kg of graphite and 53 kg of copper, by IEA estimates; an LFP pack drops the nickel and cobalt. The DRC mines three-quarters of the world's cobalt and Indonesia 60% of its nickel, but the largest operators there - CMOC, Tsingshan, Huayou, GEM - are Chinese, and the output is refined in China.
Mines take a decade or more from discovery to production. US projects include Thacker Pass (Lithium Americas, with GM as an investor), Albemarle's Silver Peak and Kings Mountain, Smackover brine projects in Arkansas, Talon Metals' Tamarack nickel in Minnesota and Jervois's idled Idaho cobalt mine. Texas has the Round Top rare earth deposit and Tesla's lithium hydroxide refinery near Corpus Christi, which converts spodumene concentrate rather than mining it.
Export policy now moves prices as much as geology. Indonesia banned nickel ore exports in 2020 to force smelting at home. The DRC halted cobalt exports in February 2025 and moved to quotas in October. China put export licenses on graphite in December 2023 and on rare earths in April 2025.
Supply shocks in 2025-26 came from accidents, prices and permits as much as from policy. A mud rush shut most of Freeport's Grasberg in September 2025, seismic events flooded part of Ivanhoe and Zijin's Kamoa-Kakula in May, and a collapse at Codelco's El Teniente in July cut output at the largest underground copper mine. BHP suspended Nickel West in October 2024 under Indonesian price pressure. In China, CATL's Jianxiawo lepidolite mine stopped in August 2025 when its license lapsed and restarted in July 2026, moving world lithium prices both times.
The tables below list 83 mines and projects in 20 countries, 15 of them run by Chinese companies; Chinese ownership reaches well beyond China, through CMOC in the DRC, Tsingshan in Indonesia, Ganfeng in Mali and Mexico, Huayou and Sinomine in Zimbabwe, and MMG at Las Bambas in Peru.
US mines and projects
US mines and projects
Lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, graphite, copper and rare earth mines and projects in the US, by metal, operating sites first. Ore and brine go on to battery material refineries; a plant profile link appears where the processing plant is in the ElectronsX cathode or anode dataset.
| Mine (operator) | Metals | State | Stage | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Madison Mine (Missouri Cobalt) (US Strategic Metals) | cobalt, nickel, copper | Missouri | feasibility | announced | Development; reprocessing historic tailings first (plant profile) |
| Idaho Cobalt Operations (Jervois (private since its 2025 Chapter 11)) | cobalt, copper | Idaho | idled | paused | Construction finished in 2023, then idled before production on low cobalt prices |
| Bingham Canyon (Rio Tinto (Kennecott)) | copper, molybdenum, gold, silver | Utah | producing | operational | |
| Morenci (Freeport-McMoRan (with Sumitomo)) | copper, molybdenum | Arizona | producing | operational | Operating; largest US copper mine |
| Coosa (Bama Mine) (Westwater Resources) | graphite | Alabama | permitting | announced | Mine development awaits the Kellyton plant financing (plant profile) |
| Graphite Creek (Graphite One) | graphite | Alaska | feasibility | announced | Feasibility; DOD support (plant profile) |
| Boron lithium recovery (Rio Tinto) | lithium, boron | California | pilot | operational | Demonstration plant recovering lithium from borate waste |
| NeoLith Energy (Clayton Valley pilot) (SLB) | lithium | Nevada | pilot | operational | Pilot plant |
| Silver Peak (Albemarle) | lithium | Nevada | producing | operational | Operating; the only producing US lithium source |
| Thacker Pass (Lithium Americas (GM is a partner)) | lithium | Nevada | construction | under construction | Under construction; phase 1 output targeted for late 2027; US government took an equity stake in 2025 (plant profile) |
| Big Sandy (Arizona Lithium (formerly Hawkstone)) | lithium | Arizona | exploration | announced | Exploration |
| Carolina Lithium (Elevra (formerly Piedmont Lithium)) | lithium | North Carolina | permitting | announced | Permitting; slowed by lithium prices; Piedmont merged with Sayona in 2025 to form Elevra (plant profile) |
| Clayton Valley Lithium (Century Lithium (formerly Cypress Development)) | lithium | Nevada | feasibility | announced | Pilot plant run; feasibility stage |
| Hell's Kitchen (Controlled Thermal Resources) | lithium | California | permitting | announced | Development; GM and Stellantis offtakes; first-phase timing unverified (plant profile) |
| Kings Mountain (Albemarle) | lithium | North Carolina | permitting | announced | Restart in permitting; Albemarle cut US capital spending in 2024-25 (plant profile) |
| McDermitt (Jindalee Lithium) | lithium | Oregon | exploration | announced | Exploration |
| Project ATLIS (EnergySource Minerals) | lithium | California | permitting | announced | Development at an existing Salton Sea geothermal plant |
| Rhyolite Ridge (ioneer) | lithium, boron | Nevada | permitting | announced | Federally permitted October 2024 with a DOE loan commitment; investment decision unverified (plant profile) |
| Salton Sea lithium demonstration (BHE Renewables (Berkshire Hathaway Energy)) | lithium | California | pilot | announced | Demonstration at existing geothermal plants; commercial plans unverified |
| South West Arkansas (Smackover) (Standard Lithium and Equinor (Smackover Lithium)) | lithium, bromine | Arkansas | feasibility | announced | DOE grant awarded; Trafigura offtake (May 2026); investment decision targeted 2026, first production 2029 (plant profile) |
| Zeus (Noram Lithium) | lithium | Nevada | exploration | announced | Exploration |
| Bristol Lake (Standard Lithium) | lithium | California | exploration | cancelled | No activity reported in years; Standard Lithium focuses on Arkansas; status unverified |
| Great Salt Lake lithium (Compass Minerals) | lithium | Utah | exploration | cancelled | Compass Minerals abandoned the lithium project in 2024 |
| Hermosa (Clark manganese and Taylor deposits) (South32) | manganese, zinc, lead, silver | Arizona | construction | under construction | Taylor zinc-lead deposit under construction, first production targeted 2027; Clark battery-grade manganese at study stage |
| Eagle Mine (Lundin Mining) | nickel, copper | Michigan | producing | operational | Operating; the only producing US nickel mine; end of mine life approaching |
| Stillwater West (Stillwater Critical Minerals) | nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum group | Montana | exploration | announced | Exploration |
| Tamarack (Talon Metals (Rio Tinto partner)) | nickel, copper, cobalt | Minnesota | permitting | announced | Permitting; Tesla offtake; processing planned in North Dakota (plant profile) |
| NorthMet (NewRange) (NewRange Copper Nickel (Glencore and Teck)) | nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum group | Minnesota | permitting | paused | Key permits revoked or remanded in 2023-24; project reworked under the NewRange joint venture |
| Mountain Pass (MP Materials) | rare earths | California | producing | operational | Operating; NdPr oxide separation on site; US Defense Department became the largest shareholder in 2025 |
| Round Top (USA Rare Earth) | rare earths, lithium, gallium, beryllium | Texas | feasibility | announced | Development; USA Rare Earth is building a magnet plant in Stillwater, Oklahoma first |
Lithium
Lithium mines
Hard-rock spodumene and clay mines outside the US. Brine operations in Chile, Argentina, China and Bolivia are listed on Lithium Refining, because a brine site is both mine and chemical plant. Output and resource figures are earlier estimates that have not all been rechecked; blank means not sourced.
| Mine (operator) | Location | Deposit | Resource | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kathleen Valley (Liontown Resources) | Western Australia, Australia | spodumene pegmatite | First concentrate 2024; moving to underground mining | no | |
| Goulamina (Ganfeng Lithium (with the Mali government)) | Koulikoro, Mali | spodumene pegmatite | 1.2 Mt | First concentrate December 2024; Mali raised its stake under the 2023 mining code | no |
| Altura Pilgangoora (Ngungaju plant) (PLS (formerly Pilbara Minerals)) | Western Australia, Australia | spodumene pegmatite | 34.2 Mt | operational | Bought by Pilbara Minerals in 2021 and run as part of Pilgangoora |
| Greenbushes (Talison Lithium (Tianqi, IGO and Albemarle)) | Western Australia, Australia | spodumene pegmatite | 86.4 Mt | operational | Operating; world's largest hard-rock lithium mine |
| Mt Holland (Earl Grey) (Covalent Lithium (SQM and Wesfarmers)) | Western Australia, Australia | spodumene pegmatite | 94.2 Mt | operational | Operating; concentrate feeds the Covalent Kwinana refinery |
| Mt Marion (Mineral Resources (with Ganfeng)) | Western Australia, Australia | spodumene pegmatite | operational | ||
| Pilgangoora (PLS (formerly Pilbara Minerals)) | Western Australia, Australia | spodumene pegmatite | 108.2 Mt | operational | Includes the Ngungaju plant bought with Altura (legacy row 29). |
| Wodgina (Albemarle and Mineral Resources (MARBL)) | Western Australia, Australia | spodumene pegmatite | 152 Mt | operational | |
| Jianxiawo (CATL) | Jiangxi, China | lepidolite (lithium mica) | operational | Suspended August 2025 when its license lapsed; restarted July 2026 after new permits | |
| Arcadia (Huayou Cobalt (Prospect Lithium Zimbabwe)) | Mashonaland East, Zimbabwe | spodumene pegmatite | 27 Mt | operational | Operating; Zimbabwe bans raw lithium ore exports |
| Bikita (Sinomine Resource) | Masvingo, Zimbabwe | spodumene pegmatite | operational | ||
| Whabouchi (Nemaska Lithium (Rio Tinto and Investissement Quebec)) | Quebec, Canada | spodumene pegmatite | 36.6 Mt | under construction | (plant profile) |
| Sonora Lithium (Bacadehuachi) (Ganfeng Lithium) | Sonora, Mexico | claystone | 244 Mt | paused | Mexico nationalized lithium in 2022 and cancelled the concessions in 2023; Ganfeng is in arbitration |
Nickel
Nickel mines and operations
Nickel sources outside the US, including mines that yield nickel as a by-product. Each row is an operation, not a producer group. Output and resource figures are earlier estimates that have not all been rechecked; blank means not sourced.
| Mine (operator) | Location | Metals | Output | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Murrin Murrin (Glencore) | Western Australia, Australia | cobalt, nickel | operational | ||
| Moa (Sherritt and the Cuban state (Moa Joint Venture)) | Holguin, Cuba | cobalt, nickel | operational | Operating; US sanctions bar Moa metal from US markets (plant profile) | |
| Sudbury INO and Raglan (Glencore) | Ontario and Quebec, Canada | nickel, copper, cobalt | 130 kt | operational | |
| Sudbury, Voisey's Bay and Thompson (Vale Base Metals) | Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, Manitoba, Canada | nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum group | 243 kt | operational | Operating; legacy record placed it in Brazil (Vale HQ); Vale's Onca Puma (Brazil) and PT Vale (Indonesia) are smaller parts of the group figure (plant profile) |
| Jinchuan (Jinchang) (Jinchuan Group) | Gansu, China | nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum group | 180 kt | operational | |
| Shandong Xinhai NPI smelter (Shandong Xinhai Technology) | Shandong, China | nickel | 400 kt | operational | A smelter on imported Philippine and Indonesian ore, not a mine; kept because the legacy list ranked it. |
| Morowali (IMIP) and Weda Bay (IWIP) nickel operations (Tsingshan Holding) | Central Sulawesi and North Maluku, Indonesia | nickel, cobalt | 330 kt | operational | Operating; legacy record placed Tsingshan in China, but its nickel comes mostly from Indonesia (plant profile) |
| Virtue Dragon (VDNI) and Gunbuster (GNI) smelters (Jiangsu Delong Nickel) | Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia | nickel | 1 Mt | operational | Chinese-owned RKEF smelter complex at Konawe; a mine-and-smelter operation, not a single mine. |
| Taganito and Coral Bay ore (Nickel Asia) (Sumitomo Metal Mining (HPAL) and Nickel Asia (mines)) | Surigao del Norte and Palawan, Philippines | nickel, cobalt | 32 kt | operational | Operating; legacy record placed it in Japan (plant profile) |
| Norilsk-Talnakh (Polar Division) (Nornickel) | Krasnoyarsk, Russia | nickel, copper, cobalt, palladium, platinum | 245 kt nickel; 450 kt copper | operational | Largest producer of high-grade (Class 1) nickel and palladium; legacy row 17 (Norilsk/Talnakh Mills) held its copper output. |
| Nickel West (BHP) | Western Australia, Australia | nickel, cobalt | 70 kt | paused | Suspended in October 2024 after nickel prices fell; BHP to review a restart by February 2027 |
Cobalt
Cobalt sources
Almost no mine produces cobalt alone: it comes from DRC copper-cobalt deposits and from nickel laterite and sulfide mines. Refiners are listed on Cobalt Refining.
| Mine (operator) | Location | Metals | Output | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Murrin Murrin (Glencore) | Western Australia, Australia | cobalt, nickel | operational | ||
| Moa (Sherritt and the Cuban state (Moa Joint Venture)) | Holguin, Cuba | cobalt, nickel | operational | Operating; US sanctions bar Moa metal from US markets (plant profile) | |
| Kamoto (KCC) (Glencore (with Gecamines)) | Lualaba, DRC | cobalt, copper | operational | ||
| Kisanfu (KFM) (CMOC (CATL holds a minority stake)) | Lualaba, DRC | cobalt, copper | operational | Operating since 2023 | |
| Metalkol RTR (ERG (Eurasian Resources Group)) | Lualaba, DRC | cobalt, copper | operational | Reprocesses Kolwezi tailings; ERG is Kazakh-owned. | |
| Mutanda (Glencore) | Lualaba, DRC | cobalt, copper | operational | Operating; restarted 2022 after a two-year care-and-maintenance period | |
| Tenke Fungurume (CMOC) | Lualaba, DRC | cobalt, copper | operational | Operating; exports limited by DRC quotas since October 2025 | |
| Sudbury INO and Raglan (Glencore) | Ontario and Quebec, Canada | nickel, copper, cobalt | 130 kt | operational | |
| Sudbury, Voisey's Bay and Thompson (Vale Base Metals) | Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, Manitoba, Canada | nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum group | 243 kt | operational | Operating; legacy record placed it in Brazil (Vale HQ); Vale's Onca Puma (Brazil) and PT Vale (Indonesia) are smaller parts of the group figure (plant profile) |
| Jinchuan (Jinchang) (Jinchuan Group) | Gansu, China | nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum group | 180 kt | operational | |
| Morowali (IMIP) and Weda Bay (IWIP) nickel operations (Tsingshan Holding) | Central Sulawesi and North Maluku, Indonesia | nickel, cobalt | 330 kt | operational | Operating; legacy record placed Tsingshan in China, but its nickel comes mostly from Indonesia (plant profile) |
| Taganito and Coral Bay ore (Nickel Asia) (Sumitomo Metal Mining (HPAL) and Nickel Asia (mines)) | Surigao del Norte and Palawan, Philippines | nickel, cobalt | 32 kt | operational | Operating; legacy record placed it in Japan (plant profile) |
| Norilsk-Talnakh (Polar Division) (Nornickel) | Krasnoyarsk, Russia | nickel, copper, cobalt, palladium, platinum | 245 kt nickel; 450 kt copper | operational | Largest producer of high-grade (Class 1) nickel and palladium; legacy row 17 (Norilsk/Talnakh Mills) held its copper output. |
| Nickel West (BHP) | Western Australia, Australia | nickel, cobalt | 70 kt | paused | Suspended in October 2024 after nickel prices fell; BHP to review a restart by February 2027 |
Copper
Copper mines
The largest copper mines, plus nickel and cobalt mines that yield copper. An EV contains roughly 60 to 80 kg of copper in motor windings, cables, busbars and the harness. Output and resource figures are earlier estimates that have not all been rechecked; blank means not sourced.
| Mine (operator) | Location | Output | Resource | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kamoto (KCC) (Glencore (with Gecamines)) | Lualaba, DRC | operational | |||
| Kisanfu (KFM) (CMOC (CATL holds a minority stake)) | Lualaba, DRC | operational | Operating since 2023 | ||
| Metalkol RTR (ERG (Eurasian Resources Group)) | Lualaba, DRC | operational | Reprocesses Kolwezi tailings; ERG is Kazakh-owned. | ||
| Mutanda (Glencore) | Lualaba, DRC | operational | Operating; restarted 2022 after a two-year care-and-maintenance period | ||
| Tenke Fungurume (CMOC) | Lualaba, DRC | operational | Operating; exports limited by DRC quotas since October 2025 | ||
| Madison Mine (Missouri Cobalt) (US Strategic Metals) | Missouri, USA | announced | Development; reprocessing historic tailings first (plant profile) | ||
| Idaho Cobalt Operations (Jervois (private since its 2025 Chapter 11)) | Idaho, USA | paused | Construction finished in 2023, then idled before production on low cobalt prices | ||
| Julong (Qulong) (Zijin Mining) | Tibet, China | Phase 2 expansion ramping | no | ||
| Oyu Tolgoi (Rio Tinto (with the Mongolian government)) | Omnogovi, Mongolia | Underground block cave ramping since 2023 | yes | ||
| Andina (Codelco) | Valparaiso, Chile | 19 Mt | operational | ||
| Chuquicamata (Codelco) | Antofagasta, Chile | 390 kt | operational | Operating; converted from open pit to underground in 2019 | |
| Collahuasi (Anglo American and Glencore (with JCR)) | Tarapaca, Chile | 570 kt | 26 Mt | operational | |
| El Teniente (Codelco) | O'Higgins, Chile | 422 kt | 15.2 Mt | operational | Operating; fatal collapse in the underground mine in July 2025 halted parts of it |
| Escondida (BHP (with Rio Tinto and JECO)) | Antofagasta, Chile | 1.4 Mt | 32 Mt | operational | Operating; world's largest copper mine |
| Los Bronces (Anglo American (with Codelco)) | Santiago Metropolitan, Chile | 11.1 Mt | operational | ||
| Radomiro Tomic (Codelco) | Antofagasta, Chile | 12 Mt | operational | ||
| Kamoa-Kakula (Ivanhoe Mines and Zijin Mining (with the DRC government)) | Lualaba, DRC | operational | Operating; seismic events in May 2025 flooded part of the Kakula mine and cut 2025-26 guidance; on-site smelter started 2025 | ||
| Buenavista del Cobre (Cananea) (Southern Copper (Grupo Mexico)) | Sonora, Mexico | 525 kt | 27 Mt | operational | Legacy rows 2 (Cananea) and 13 (Buenavista del Cobre) are the same operation. |
| Antamina (BHP, Glencore, Teck and Mitsubishi) | Ancash, Peru | 450 kt | operational | ||
| Cerro Verde (Freeport-McMoRan (with Sumitomo Metal Mining and Buenaventura)) | Arequipa, Peru | 500 kt | 13 Mt | operational | Legacy row 15 (Cerro Verde II) is the expansion of the same mine. |
| Las Bambas (MMG (China Minmetals)) | Apurimac, Peru | 430 kt | operational | Operating; output repeatedly cut by community road blockades | |
| Toquepala (Southern Copper (Grupo Mexico)) | Tacna, Peru | 17.6 Mt | operational | ||
| Bingham Canyon (Rio Tinto (Kennecott)) | Utah, USA | 280 kt | operational | ||
| Morenci (Freeport-McMoRan (with Sumitomo)) | Arizona, USA | 520 kt | operational | Operating; largest US copper mine | |
| Grasberg (Freeport-McMoRan (PT Freeport Indonesia)) | Central Papua, Indonesia | 10.5 Mt | paused | Mud rush in the Grasberg Block Cave in September 2025 killed seven workers and halted most output; phased restart through 2026-27 | |
| Sudbury INO and Raglan (Glencore) | Ontario and Quebec, Canada | 130 kt | operational | ||
| Sudbury, Voisey's Bay and Thompson (Vale Base Metals) | Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, Manitoba, Canada | 243 kt | operational | Operating; legacy record placed it in Brazil (Vale HQ); Vale's Onca Puma (Brazil) and PT Vale (Indonesia) are smaller parts of the group figure (plant profile) | |
| Jinchuan (Jinchang) (Jinchuan Group) | Gansu, China | 180 kt | operational | ||
| Norilsk-Talnakh (Polar Division) (Nornickel) | Krasnoyarsk, Russia | 245 kt nickel; 450 kt copper | operational | Largest producer of high-grade (Class 1) nickel and palladium; legacy row 17 (Norilsk/Talnakh Mills) held its copper output. | |
| Eagle Mine (Lundin Mining) | Michigan, USA | operational | Operating; the only producing US nickel mine; end of mine life approaching | ||
| Stillwater West (Stillwater Critical Minerals) | Montana, USA | announced | Exploration | ||
| Tamarack (Talon Metals (Rio Tinto partner)) | Minnesota, USA | announced | Permitting; Tesla offtake; processing planned in North Dakota (plant profile) | ||
| NorthMet (NewRange) (NewRange Copper Nickel (Glencore and Teck)) | Minnesota, USA | paused | Key permits revoked or remanded in 2023-24; project reworked under the NewRange joint venture |
Manganese, graphite, rare earths
Manganese, graphite and rare earth mines
Manganese for LMFP and NMC cathodes, flake graphite for anodes, and the rare earth mines behind NdFeB motor magnets, outside the US.
| Mine (operator) | Location | Metal | Deposit | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Molo (NextSource Materials) | Atsimo-Andrefana, Madagascar | graphite | flake graphite | operational | Phase 1 producing since 2023 |
| Balama (Syrah Resources) | Cabo Delgado, Mozambique | graphite | flake graphite | operational | Operating at reduced rates; force majeure after protests in December 2024, later lifted (plant profile) |
| GEMCO (Groote Eylandt) (South32 (with Anglo American)) | Northern Territory, Australia | manganese | sedimentary manganese | operational | Operating; restarted 2025 after cyclone damage in 2024 |
| Moanda (Comilog (Eramet)) | Haut-Ogooue, Gabon | manganese | manganese oxide | operational | Operating; world's largest manganese mine |
| Hotazel Manganese Mines (Mamatwane, Wessels) (South32 (with Anglo American)) | Northern Cape, South Africa | manganese | Kalahari manganese field | operational | |
| Mount Weld (Lynas Rare Earths) | Western Australia, Australia | rare earths | carbonatite | operational | Operating; first heavy rare earth (dysprosium, terbium) separation outside China in 2025 at Lynas Malaysia |
| Bayan Obo (China Northern Rare Earth (Baogang)) | Inner Mongolia, China | rare earths | carbonatite (iron-REE) | operational | Largest light rare earth mine; most world NdPr feed. |
| Kachin ionic clay mines (Various (mostly Chinese-financed)) | Kachin, Myanmar | rare earths | ionic adsorption clay | operational | Operating; output disrupted by the civil war since 2024 |
Minerals
What each mineral does and where it comes from
Mining is spread across more countries than refining; the refining step is where China dominates.
| Mineral | Used in | Top mining countries | Constraint |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lithium | All lithium-ion cathodes and electrolyte salt | Australia, Chile, China, Zimbabwe, Argentina | China refines about two-thirds of lithium chemicals |
| Nickel | NMC and NCA cathodes | Indonesia, Philippines, Russia, Canada, New Caledonia | Indonesian ore export ban; coal-powered HPAL and RKEF smelters |
| Cobalt | NMC and NCA cathodes | DRC, Indonesia, Russia, Australia | DRC export ban from February 2025, then quotas; artisanal mining |
| Manganese | LMFP, NMC and LMR cathodes | South Africa, Gabon, Australia | Little high-purity sulfate capacity outside China |
| Graphite | Anodes (natural and synthetic) | China, Madagascar, Mozambique, Brazil | China export licenses since December 2023; synthetic graphite also China-made |
| Copper | Motor windings, cables, busbars, cell foils | Chile, DRC, Peru, China | Slow mine development; smelting concentrated in China |
| Neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium | NdFeB magnets for traction motors | China, US (MP Materials), Myanmar, Australia (Lynas) | China separates most light and nearly all heavy rare earths |
| Gallium | GaN power devices | China (about 98% of primary output) | Byproduct of alumina refining; China export controls since 2023 |
Sources
Sources and scope
- Scope
- EV Raw Materials and Mines
- Sources
- USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries (2024 data); IEA Global Critical Minerals Outlook; company disclosures; ElectronsX mine dataset
- Updated
- October 2026