EV Battery Recycling Facilities

Electric vehicle (EV) battery recycling is becoming one of the most critical links in the electrification supply chain. As millions of lithium-ion batteries reach end-of-life, specialized recyclers and technology providers are emerging to recover valuable materials such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese. This directory highlights leading companies, technologies, and processes that are shaping the circular economy for EV batteries, helping reduce reliance on mining and supporting domestic supply chain resilience.

Different technological pathways are used to recover materials from spent EV batteries. The two dominant methods are pyrometallurgy (smelting at high heat) and hydrometallurgy (chemical leaching), while direct recycling aims to preserve cathode structures for reuse.

Battery recycling capacity is not evenly distributed worldwide. China currently leads in scale, the EU is building a regulated recycling framework, and the U.S. is rapidly expanding through IRA incentives.

Second-life batteries

Before batteries reach end-of-life, many are repurposed for “second-life” applications such as stationary storage, backup systems, and grid balancing. These deployments extend battery usefulness, defer recycling, and create an interim value stream from retired EV packs.

Recycled battery-grade (BG) materials

Recovered elements such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese must be refined into battery-grade (BG) specifications before re-entering cell manufacturing. Recycling companies are investing heavily in purification processes to produce BG materials that meet the strict performance standards required for new EV batteries.

Recycled black mass

Black mass—the intermediate product of shredded battery cells—contains concentrated cathode and anode materials. It serves as the critical feedstock for hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical processes, making it the bridge between battery collection and the production of reusable metals and compounds.

EV Battery Recycling FAQ

Q: What happens to old EV batteries?
A: Spent EV batteries are collected, disassembled, and either reused in second-life applications or processed through recycling methods to recover valuable metals such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese.

Q: Can recycled materials be used to make new EV batteries?
A: Yes. Once refined into battery-grade (BG) specifications, recovered materials can be fed directly back into the supply chain for new battery production, reducing reliance on mining.

Q: What is black mass in battery recycling?
A: Black mass is the powdered mixture of cathode and anode materials obtained after shredding and processing used batteries. It contains concentrated critical minerals and serves as the input for chemical recovery processes.

Q: Are second-life batteries different from recycled batteries?
A: Yes. Second-life batteries are repurposed EV packs that still hold usable capacity, often deployed in stationary energy storage. Recycling, by contrast, involves breaking down end-of-life batteries to recover raw materials.

Q: How much of an EV battery can be recycled?
A: Depending on the technology, up to 95% of key materials can be recovered, though efficiency varies by process, region, and scale.