EV Vehicle Stack


The EV-Native Vehicle Stack represents the core hardware and software systems that make electric vehicles possible, spanning from energy storage and propulsion to autonomy and connectivity. Unlike traditional ICE supply chains, EVs integrate batteries, motors, high-voltage electronics, communication networks, and sensor packages into a tightly coupled architecture that depends on both semiconductor and energy supply chains. This page outlines the full stack of components—traction batteries, inverters, onboard chargers, domain controllers, ADAS/AV sensors, V2X systems, and more—highlighting how they interconnect and where supply chain bottlenecks emerge.

1. Energy Storage Layer

The foundation of every EV lies in its traction battery and associated systems, which store energy and ensure safe, efficient delivery of power.

  • Traction battery pack - Li-ion, solid-state, LFP, NMC, sodium-ion.
  • Battery management system (BMS).
  • Thermal management system (TM) - liquid cooling, immersion cooling, heat pumps.

2. Propulsion Layer

Electric motors and inverters transform stored energy into motion, defining vehicle efficiency, performance, and driving dynamics.

  • Electric motors - PMSM, induction, axial flux, in-wheel.
  • Motor controllers/inverters (SiC, GaN).
  • Gearbox / reduction drive units.
  • Regenerative braking system.

3. High-Voltage Electrical Layer

High-voltage electronics distribute and convert power throughout the vehicle, enabling charging, safety, and drivetrain integration.

  • HV wiring harnesses & busbars.
  • High-voltage connectors & fuses.
  • Solid-state circuit breakers (SSCBs).
  • On-board charger (OBC).
  • DC/DC converters.
  • HV battery disconnects & relays.

4. Low-Voltage / Vehicle Electronics Layer

Low-voltage systems manage body electronics, vehicle control, and communication across distributed modules.

  • 12V/48V auxiliary battery systems.
  • Body control modules (BCMs).
  • Domain control units (DCUs).
  • On-board charger (OBC).
  • Communication buses (CAN, CAN FD, Ethernet, LIN, FlexRay).

5. Sensing & Autonomy Layer

Sensor suites and compute platforms enable driver assistance, autonomy, and connected vehicle capabilities.

  • ADAS/AV sensor package (cameras, radar, lidar, ultrasonic).
  • Central compute (ADAS/AV domain controller, AI accelerator, FSD chipsets).
  • V2X (vehicle-to-grid, vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-infrastructure).
  • Telematics & OTA (connectivity stack, SIM/eSIM, cloud gateway).

6. Safety & Compliance Layer

Functional safety and cybersecurity systems protect vehicle occupants and ensure regulatory compliance.

  • Functional safety (ISO 26262 compliant chips, ASIL-D rated components).
  • Cybersecurity modules (HSMs, secure gateways, OTA update validation).
  • Crash & occupant safety integration with EV powertrain (airbag controllers, HV disconnect in crash event).

7. Integration & Systems Layer

The integration layer ties together energy, propulsion, sensing, and electronics through software, interfaces, and vehicle operating systems.

  • Vehicle OS / middleware.
  • Central compute (ADAS/AV domain controller, AI accelerator, FSD chipsets).
  • Infotainment & HMI (displays, head units, consumer apps, app store ecosystems).
  • Vehicle app (digital key, fleet management integration).



Software Solutions