SDV Capabilities Explained

Modern electric vehicles are increasingly defined by software, connectivity, and electrical architecture—not just motors, batteries, or trim packages. Two EVs may look similar on the surface yet perform very differently over time. One improves through frequent updates and new capabilities; another remains largely static.

The difference is architectural. The capabilities/features on this page describe how a vehicle is built to evolve. When you see a capability/feature listed on a model page, this page explains exactly what that means in practical terms.

These capabilities help answer a simple question: is this vehicle designed to improve over time, or merely operate with software? Understanding what each level means lets you interpret model pages with confidence and compare vehicles on more than surface-level features.

What is a Software-Defined Vehicle

A Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV) is a vehicle designed to improve through software updates over time, rather than remaining mostly fixed after purchase. In an SDV, software affects more than infotainment. It can change driver-assistance behavior, diagnostics, charging behavior, and feature availability. The capability levels on this page explain how well a vehicle is designed to evolve.

Two vehicles with similar specifications today can age very differently. Some receive frequent updates and new capabilities, while others change little after purchase. This page defines the capability levels so labels like “Advanced” and “SDV-grade” are meaningful when you see them on a model page.

Connectivity Class

This capability describes the vehicle’s cellular connection used for remote services, OTA delivery, and telemetry. It does not control driving in real time.

Class	Definition	Why it matters to you
LTE (4G)	Widely deployed broadband cellular connectivity suitable for app services, OTA delivery, and telemetry.	Reliable connected features; generally sufficient update and diagnostics performance when the OEM backend is strong.
5G (Sub-6)	Newer cellular connectivity with higher capacity and more headroom for larger OTA payloads and richer telemetry.	Faster downloads and more data headroom; can extend the useful life of connected services.

SDV Maturity

This capability describes how much of the vehicle’s behavior can be controlled, updated, and improved through software over time.

Level	Definition	Why it matters to you
Low	Software updates are limited in scope and mostly restricted to non-critical systems (such as UI and infotainment), with little integration across vehicle domains.	The vehicle will remain mostly static after purchase; improvements are minor and infrequent.
Moderate	OTA updates span multiple subsystems and some vehicle behavior can evolve, but many core functions remain hardware-tied or siloed.	Some meaningful improvements arrive over time, but capability growth is uneven and often subsystem-specific.
High	Broad OTA support across vehicle controllers, supported by centralized compute, abstracted software layers, and rich telemetry enabling coordinated evolution.	The vehicle can materially improve core behavior over time, with new features, performance gains, and deeper system integration.

SDV Security Maturity

This capability describes how safely software can control physical vehicle functions such as steering, braking, and power.

Level	Definition	Why it matters to you
Basic	Standard connected-vehicle security with limited hardware trust anchors and partial isolation between infotainment and critical systems.	Basic remote services work, but broad OTA updates and long-term security hardening are limited.
Advanced	Hardware-backed identity, secure boot on key controllers, signed updates, and strong isolation between safety-critical and non-critical domains.	Safer OTA updates, reduced risk of software affecting critical systems, faster response to security issues.
SDV-grade	Security is a platform primitive: pervasive hardware root of trust, signed OTA with rollback protection, system attestation, and continuous security monitoring.	High confidence in frequent updates, safer long-term evolution, and trustworthy automation.

OTA Update Scope

This capability shows how much of the vehicle can actually be updated remotely.

Scope	Definition	Why it matters to you
Infotainment-only	Updates are limited to screens, apps, maps, and media systems.	The interface improves, but core vehicle behavior stays mostly the same.
Multi-ECU	Multiple controllers can be updated, but coverage is incomplete.	Some meaningful improvements over time, depending on subsystem.
Full vehicle	Broad OTA coverage across major vehicle controllers with safety controls.	The vehicle can materially improve over its lifetime without service visits.

Edge-to-Cloud Loop

This capability describes whether real-world vehicle operation measurably improves models and software that return to vehicles.

Level	Definition	Why it matters to you
None	Little to no systematic closed-loop learning from fleet data to deployed behavior.	Driver-assistance behaviors change mainly with infrequent major updates.
Limited	Some data informs improvements, but the loop is narrower, slower, or less systematic.	Incremental gains happen, but progress can be uneven and feature-specific.
Continuous	Systematic collection of high-value events plus training/simulation pipelines plus frequent redeployment.	Faster improvement in driver-assistance behavior and tuning over time.

Telemetry Maturity

This capability describes how observable the vehicle is for diagnostics, safety monitoring, and improvement.

Level	Definition	Why it matters to you
Minimal	Basic fault codes and health data.	Service is mostly reactive; fewer early warnings.
Advanced	Richer event logging, subsystem health, and remote diagnostics.	Better troubleshooting and fewer unexpected failures.
Continuous	High-frequency observability designed for large-scale analysis and learning loops.	Smarter systems that improve faster and detect issues earlier.

Compute Topology

This capability describes whether vehicle functions run on many smaller computers (ECUs) or fewer powerful compute nodes.

Topology	Definition	Why it matters to you
Distributed	Many ECUs each handle narrow functions with limited consolidation.	Feature growth is constrained; updates are fragmented; integration complexity grows over time.
Semi-centralized	Some functions consolidated into stronger compute nodes, but many legacy ECUs remain.	Better headroom for future features; outcomes vary by implementation.
Centralized	Fewer high-performance compute nodes run major vehicle functions (often paired with zonal controllers).	Highest potential for meaningful feature growth and faster system-wide improvements.

Vehicle OS Abstraction

This capability describes how independent vehicle software is from specific hardware modules and supplier stacks.

Level	Definition	Why it matters to you
ECU-bound	Software tightly coupled to specific ECUs and vendor implementations.	Slower evolution; harder to add features without hardware changes.
Partial abstraction	Some platform layers exist, but only cover parts of the vehicle.	Moderate feature growth; improvements depend on which subsystems are abstracted.
Hardware-abstracted	Strong platform layers broadly decouple applications from hardware across the vehicle.	Longer platform relevance; easier feature expansion across model years.

E/E Architecture Type

This capability describes how the vehicle’s electronics are organized and wired.

Type	Definition	Why it matters to you
Domain-based (DCU)	Many function-specific ECUs grouped by domain.	Slower software evolution and more complex updates over time.
Hybrid	Mix of legacy domains with some centralized compute.	Improving update capability; transitional architecture.
Zonal	Electronics organized by physical zones with local controllers.	Faster updates, simpler wiring, and better long-term scalability.

Low-Voltage Electrical Architecture

This capability describes the electrical backbone that powers computers, sensors, and accessories.

Architecture	Definition	Why it matters to you
12 V only	Legacy low-voltage system.	Works today, but limits future electronics growth.
Dual 12 V + 48 V	48 V supports high-power loads; 12 V retained for legacy systems.	More reliable electronics and better future feature support.
48 V-dominant	48 V is the primary electrical backbone.	Best headroom for compute-heavy, software-defined vehicles.

How SDV Capabilities Map to Fleet Value

Software-defined vehicle (SDV) capabilities matter for fleets even without autonomy. Fleets care about uptime, remote manageability, predictable costs, and scalable operations. The table below maps key SDV capabilities to the concrete benefits fleets can capture today.

SDV capability	Fleet value	Operational impact
Connectivity capability (LTE/5G)	Always-on remote access for management and support	Remote commands, app-based controls, faster issue resolution, fewer service visits
OTA update scope	Fix and improve vehicles without pulling them from service	Reduced downtime, fewer shop hours, quicker rollout of fixes and features
Software update cadence	Faster recovery from defects and faster feature delivery	Lower operational disruption, reduced recall exposure, continuous improvement
Telemetry maturity	Fleet-grade observability and diagnostics	Predictive maintenance, earlier failure detection, higher uptime and utilization
SDV security maturity (cyber-physical)	Safe remote control and trustworthy updates at scale	Reduced security and safety risk, safer OTA operations, stronger compliance posture
Compute topology	Headroom for new fleet features without hardware refresh	Longer platform life, less mid-cycle retrofit cost, more software expansion capacity
Vehicle OS abstraction	Cleaner integrations across mixed fleets and tools	Easier integration with fleet systems, less vendor lock-in, smoother platform evolution
Feature decoupling	Role-based enablement and configurable operations	Enable/disable features per duty cycle, policy control, simplified standardization
Low-voltage architecture (12 V vs 48 V)	More reliable support for sensors, compute, and auxiliaries	Better electrical headroom, reduced wiring stress, improved reliability for add-ons
Energy export capability (V2L/V2H/V2G)	Mobile power and future energy services	Worksite power, emergency response capability, potential future grid participation where supported

Bottom line: autonomy optimizes driving; SDV optimizes fleet operations. SDV capabilities are a direct indicator of whether a vehicle can be managed efficiently at scale.

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